Essay on Science and Religion - 2169 Words

Humans do not engage the world in a neutral way. Instead, we see world through the reality that our culture creates. Without culture, humanity would have to continuously reinvent the wheel, perhaps even literally. It casts a web of reality over us that is inescapable. We are constantly in the grip of our culture. Therefore, it isn’t surprising to find societies with cultures which differ greatly from ours who come to very different conclusions about what reality is. When we are confronted with these differences in world views, we are often quick and confident to assert that our way of life is superior to others. This is behavior isn’t unique to tribes indigenous to foreign lands who believe in so-called â€Å"primitive† religions. It†¦show more content†¦Every part of it depends upon the existence of witchcraft, just as their absolute belief in witchcraft depends upon the rest of their cultural framework. There is a system of self-reinforcement, which causes the belief to go unquestioned, even when the effects are inconsistent with an objective reality. Evans-Pritchard explains, â€Å"Azande do not perceive the contradiction as we perceive it because they have no theoretical interest in the subject, and those situations in which they express their beliefs in witchcraft do not force the problem upon them.†(Evans-Pritchard, 25) Even if one is able to point out the inconsistent effects of witchcraft, the Azande will not believe it, but in fact will find a way to incorporate inconsistencies into his worldview, Evans-Pritchard tells us. However, he also points out that, â€Å"they did not attempt to account for the existence of phenomena, or even the action of phenomena, by mystical causation alone†(Evans-Pritchard, 67) and that â€Å"They reason excellently within the idiom of their beliefs†(Evans-Pritchard,XX), and thus are not mentally inferior or irrational. They merely engage the world through a dif ferent idiom than the Westerner. However, if the Azande are blinded by their beliefs in witchcraft, we cannot be sure that we are free from the same sort of cultural blinders. Just as the Azande are at the mercy of witches, oracles, and sorcerers,Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Science And Religion Essay2131 Words   |  9 PagesThe relationship between science and religion as Western categories of thought has long been fraught with tension; academics suggest that the conflict between religion and science arose in the 17th century, as a result of the Galileo Affair, and continued into the 18th century Age of Enlightenment. Others, however, suggest that the dispute between the two systems of belief may even be traced as far back as classical antiquity. Even today, it is clear that tensions endure between academics unableRead MoreReligion and Science Need Each Other935 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.† Thi s famous quote was spoken by a man even more famous for his scientific works in the fields of physics and mathematics. Albert Einstein, famous scientist, is found here stating that without religion science is, essentially, useless. Surely it is impossible for a man so accomplished in the scientific field to seriously consider the possibility of God? Certainly, we live in a time where there has been much condemnation and ridiculeRead MoreLife of Pi: the Correlation Between Science and Religion Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Ciufo ENG-3U1 Wednesday, April, 28, 2010 Life of Pi: Correlation between Science and Religion One of the most important dichotomies that exist amongst today is Science versus Religion. A dichotomy that started in the renaissance era, a period when people started questioning, looking to other horizons, other than religion and truly began to comprehend reality. The theme of Science versus Religion is portrayed in a great deal in the novel Life of Pi. In Life of Pi, Yann Martle utilizesRead MoreReligion : Science And Religion1273 Words   |  6 PagesScience and religion were based back in modern days to be the answer to everyone, and society as a whole to handle their issues through the church majority of the time, until science came along and changed the perspective of everyone’s outlook on how they were to solve their conflicts. Within the world today they both still exist and are still being put to use for its main purpose which is to create answers to things we face that need a solution. I believe Religion started inRead MoreScience And Religion755 Words   |  4 PagesAre science and religion related? If so, how are they related? What is the importance of them in human lives? I believe, science and religion are related to each other. The relationship between them has been debated for several years. Science is linked to the material, while religion is worried about spirituality (Vikas, 2012). Humans depend on both religion and science not one or the other. In spite of being different from each other, science and religion are related and linked to each other. ScienceRead MoreQuestions On Religion Of Science925 Words   |  4 PagesCONCLUSION Religion of Science Ernest Holmes asks us to consider three general classifications of knowledge: 1. Science: â€Å"†¦ the organized knowledge of natural law and its application to life.† 2. Philosophy: â€Å"†¦ the opinions one holds about the world, life, and reality.† 3. Religion: â€Å"†¦ any man’s belief about his relationship to the invisible universe.† â€Å"We might speak of a pure religious science as we would speak of a pure natural science, which means the study of natural causes. We might speakRead MoreThe Between Religion And Science810 Words   |  4 PagesAll that I have ever known and believed in is now being questioned. It is transitioning into some sort of enormous trial – between religion and science. I have been taught to accept the religious, social, and political ideas that the Catholic Church has devised upon the world. For years, humans have believed and used Aristotle’s theory which explained Earth’s position in the universe. By the geocentric theory, Earth was said to be located at the center of the universe. The moon, the sun, and theRead MoreInfluence Of Science And Religion1564 Words   |  7 Pages1. Q) Compare and contrast the influence of science and religion in the development of humanity. Discuss both the positive and the negative. A) The systematic testing of observations, and the belief of something larger than ourselves, have been part of the human experience since time began. Both science and religion have influenced human thought and civilization. When a question could not be answered by time and observation, people fell back on spiritual explanationsRead MoreScience and Religion Essays808 Words   |  4 PagesScience and religion have always been in conflict with one another because they each represent complete opposite ideals, science is about how nature controls how the universe works and religion is about how God controls how the universe works. In the five models on science and religion I believe that Conflict best describes the relationship between the two. Conflict tells how either science is completely right and religion is wrong or the other way around and that religion and science are completelyRead MoreEvolution Of Science And Religion1179 Words   |  5 PagesWhen comparing science and reli gion there has been a great rift. As long as humanity has believed in a creator there as always been thinkers trying to quantify and evaluate the truth behind religion, trying to disprove or prove a supernatural force. The ancient Greeks were pioneering philosophers which started the great rift we see in the early development of scientific and quantified analysis. This was first started by Aristotle whuch believed that science was a process of trying to understand

The Major Theories of Sociology Essay - 1221 Words

Symbolic Interactionism In the field of sociology, sociologists use many different theories to base their ideas and observations on; however, the three major theories that are used are symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. It is these three theories that will be the focus of this paper. To begin with, we will start with symbolic interactionism. Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead developed symbolic interactionism. In order to understand what this theory is all about though, we will look at the definition. Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with†¦show more content†¦Without symbols, we would not be able to differentiate who was illegal and who was supposed to be in each country. For that matter, we would not even be able to call a country a country, because symbols give us that understanding as well. So, now that we have a good understanding of symbolic interactionism, we will go on to talk about functional analysis. Functional Analysis Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, and Robert Merton all contributed their own observations to the theory that is known as functional analysis. Functional analysis is a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to societys equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism. (2010, Henslin) Now, the first thing that comes to mind after reading this definition of functional analysis, is that it sounds a lot like how our bodies work. Without our arms, legs, fingers, toes, etc., our body would not be able to function properly as a whole. Everything would become much more difficult, and simple things such as walking in the park or eating a cheeseburger would become nearly impossible. Well, it works the same way with functional analysis. When all the parts of society work together and cooperate with one another, then our society is able to function smoothly as a whole. However, when one or multipleShow MoreRelatedSociology : A Sociological Perspective1292 Words   |  6 PagesOrigins of Sociology Ashley Drees Ivy Tech Community College Professor Brosmer April 10,2016 What is Sociology Sociology  is the  study of  social behavior or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. Sociology is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, disorder, and change. Three Main Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Functional Perspective Read MoreCompare and Contrast of 3 Sociology Theories1162 Words   |  5 PagesSociology is the study of society. Through the centuries, sociologists have tried to provide an explanation as to why and how humans interact with each other on a social basis. Sociologists have divided sociology into two levels, microsociology and macrosociology (Sociology). The level of microsociology studies is on a smaller perspective, as macrosociology is the study of society on a larger analysis. Today, sociology has three major theories: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflictRead MoreCritical Theory, Functionalism And Symbolic Interactionism Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn sociology, there are three major theories; critical theory, functionalism and symbolic interactionism. These theories express the structure of society in which each theory looks at a different aspects of sociology. Sociologists apply these theories in the study of society, but it becomes difficult if only one theo ry is applied. For that one applied theory, would only look at the aspect to which it is confined to. To successfully study sociology all three theories must be applied together. CriticalRead MoreSociology 210 Study Guide1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sociological Perspective I. The Sociological Perspective. A. Sociology is the systematic study of human society. B. The sociological perspective (Berger, 1963) helps us to see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals (the general in the particular). C. It also encourages us to realize that society guides our thoughts and deeds — to see the strange in the familiar (Berger, 1963). D. Sociology also encourages us to see personal choice in social context. 1. ForRead MorePolitical Sociology Reading List And Rationale855 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical Sociology Reading List and Rationale The purpose of this comprehensive exam is to give me an opportunity to demonstrate mastery over relevant debates, theories, and empirical findings in the major issues of political sociology. I will also examine theoretical and empirical approaches to classic and contemporary fundamental questions of political sociology. My primary goal here is to learn how to think critically like a political sociologist and be able to understand and use the major conceptsRead MoreThe Relationship Between Public Sociology And The Tradition Of Positivism913 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween public sociology to the tradition of Positivism. Historically, Positivistic Theory is based on a strict adherence to the scientific aspects of economy and materialism, which seek to analyze society in terms of the physicality of culture and social phenomenon. 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In this historicalRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of An Individual And Their Own Behaviour And The Society1126 Words   |  5 PagesIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES   Sociology studies the lives of an individual and their own behaviour and the society they live in (A. Giddens 2006). There are theoretical perspectives used so that one understands an individual behaviour and the society they live in. The sociological perspectives study each behaviour and how it is linked to the whole society or how the society influence the individual rather. The society is a diverse body and different perspectives is used to understand how they are linked

The Rise of Totalitarianism

Question: What were the origins of these governments, their accomplishments, and their failures? What accounts for the fact that the masses mobilized to support these movements? Elaborate. Answer: There is a difference between the communism and fascism. In communism, people will work for the government. Redistribution of collective output is practiced in the state. Union between the people and the structure of the government is not present in the fascist form of government. Communism refers to an international system or theory of a social agency that is based on the holding of the common properties with the ownership that are ascribed to the state or community. In this form of government, an extreme distrust of capitalism and rejection of free markets are in any country (Brewer et al., 2014). Fascism is described as an extremely authoritarian and nationalistic state that is led by a single person in a single party. It is characterized by not having any free market, individualism glory, democratic election of representatives and individual glory. The media and the press are controlled by the state. Communism form of government is examples of planned economy, centralized government, and the dictatorship of the proletariat. There is no private property and common ownership regarding various tools of production. Usually, there is equality between genders and international focus. Fascism government is a centralized form of government with actual idealism, planned economy, social Darwinism, meritocratic, Nazism, and extreme nationalism (Passmore, 2014). In the both forms of government, one party system and anti-democratic are the standard features. Different political movements have occurred in the communist form of government such as Trotskyism, Leninism, Maoism, Stalinism, and Marxism-Leninism. The public of the state following communism supports these movements. In fascism form of government, Falangism, National Socialism, neo-Nazism, Strasserism, neo-fascism, and national Bolshevism are the political actions that have occurred earlier (Brewer et al., 2014). References Brewer, Daniel R., Sanders, T. (2014). The World in the Twentieth Century, 7th Edition. Passmore, K. (2014).Fascism: A very short introduction. OUP Oxford.

Sinaloa Cartel Essay Example

Sinaloa Cartel Paper This organization is one of the major drug smuggling cartels in Mexico as it operates in Sinaloa and Chihuahua. Joaqin Guzman was believed to be the head of this cartel. It is involved in the smuggling and distribution of illegal substances and narcotics in the United States of America. The cocaine is smuggled from Latin America to Mexico from where it is transported to the United States of America. The Cali and Medellin cartels are also reported to be providing assistance and logistics support to the Sinaloa cartel. The cartel has also linked itself with the Juarez cartel as an alliance to counter the threat posed by the Gulf and Tijuana cartels. During the 1980s, the drug cartel was the largest drug trafficking organization in Mexico (Cook, 78). It has used innovative methods like using tunnels to smuggle narcotics across the border between the United States and Mexico. Hector Palma became the head of the cartel after the arrest of Guzman. The group also operates the Los Negros which is a paramilitary outfit that is used to counter the Gulf Cartel’s Los Zetas. This group is run by Edgar Valdez. It has been involved in carrying out assassinations and decapitations of its rivals and law enforcement agents. Nuevo Laredo, Acapulco, and Guerrero have been the center of the drug wars between the rival cartels (Cook, 78). Numerous people have been killed in these clashes. The Sinaloa cartel has been targeted by the Mexican army as part of the program to fight drug cartels. Tijuana Cartel This cartel operates in the Northwestern parts of Mexico. We will write a custom essay sample on Sinaloa Cartel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sinaloa Cartel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sinaloa Cartel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It has been considered as a violent and large criminal organization. Ramon Eduardo Felix was the founder of this drug cartel. Brutal acts of violence are a feature of the drug cartel as demonstrated in the murder of eighteen people in Ensenada in September 1998 (Cook, 82). This cartel was one of the largest organized crime groups in Mexico but has run into troubles because of confrontations with the Mexican government. Gulf Cartel The Gulf Cartel is one of the major drug cartels in Mexico which has been fighting against the Sinaloa Cartel. It has influence in the cities of Reynosa and Neuvo Laredo (Cook, 85). It is also a major transporter, smuggler, and distributor of cocaine and heroine. It has been known to use violent and brutal methods like decapitation to intimidate and kill opponents and law enforcement agents. The cartel is also believed to collect revenue from border smugglers and business organizations. These taxes ensure that no one will be struck if they are passing through their territory. It has also believed to be linked with kidnapping and extortion of local businessmen. As the Sinaloa Cartel moved into their territory, they deployed the Los Zetas which as a paramilitary organization. This consisted of ex Mexican army men. Fighting between these groups has resulted in heavy casualties as hundreds of people have been killed. The expertise and training of the Los Zetas has led to the development of a sophisticated and ruthless drug cartel.

Summary Analysis of Canto I of Orlando Innamorato Essay Example

Summary Analysis of Canto I of Orlando Innamorato Essay Example Summary Analysis of Canto I of Orlando Innamorato Paper Summary Analysis of Canto I of Orlando Innamorato Paper Essay Topic: Metamorphoses Orlando The Romance Of Tristan Epic romance Orlando Innamorato was written by the Italian poet Matteo Maria Boiardo who plaited together characteristic features of Carolingian epic and Arthurian legend with the classical tradition of Virgil, Homer and Ovid.   He created a great and complex story praising love in a variety of its forms. Moreover, professor of Italian at Columbia University Jo Ann Cavallo claims that Boiardos Orlando Innamorato is not a simple ode to love; this amusing tale of damsels and knights in love and war comprised expressive moral lessons for the courteous society of Renaissance Italy. Romance Orlando Innamorato quickly became an extremely popular in that day Italy. The famous literati of the time and members of the court, among who was Isabella dEste, read it enthusiastically. Numerous writers tried to translate the romance into the new Tuscan standard language; others wrote continuations, while others simply imitated it. Ariosto was one of those continuators with his Orlando Furioso, one and, in fact, the greatest of six well known continuations of the poem. Nevertheless, Boiardo couldn’t even surmise that one day of the sixteenth century his poem would be â€Å"put aside in favour of Ariostos continuation† (Wilkins,1974). Canto I opens with the scene at the court of King Charlemagne: All of the paladins came to court to celebrate that holiday. From every region, every nation, numberless people entered Paris, and there were many Saracens, because court royal was proclaimed: anyone not an apostate or renegade was promised safety (Canto I, ottavo 9, lines 1 8). A great number of men, friends and enemies, from different countries gathered together and were having fun when absolutely unexpected meeting happened. The daughter of the king of Cathay Angelica appears at Charlemagne’s Pentecost tournament with her brother Argalia. The young lady is the most desirable treasure, she is the most beautiful woman have ever seen: She seemed to be the morning star, the lily and the garden rose. In short, to tell the truth of her, never was so much beauty seen (Canto I, ottavo 21, lines 5 8). There were lots of beautiful women among guests, but none of them could be comparable with the maiden beauty of Angelica: I say that each seemed beautiful before that flower reached the hall to take the beauty prize from all (Canto I, ottavo 22, lines 6 8). It’s naturally that everyone wants her.   To get the desired prise men have to pass an extremely difficult trial, they must overcome Argalia in a harsh combat so that to take Angelica as wife.   Orlando and Ranaldo are the two most touched by Angelica’s beauty: I cannot from my heart displace the sight of her- her sweet, bright face- because I think I’ll die without her; I think my soul will disappear. Now neither strength nor courage helps against the bridling force of Love. Knowing’s no help, nor men’s advice. I see what’s best. I pick what’s worst (Canto I, ottavo 31, lines 1 8). Orlando accepts Angelica’s challenge without moment’s hesitation; he and all the others at once fall in this marvellous young lady. They know nothing about her brother Argalia. Men do not consider the trial to be really hard one. Orlando can’t even suppose that Argalia’s spear is spell-bound. Argalia establishes rules of the trial knowing beforehand that this trial will be fraudulent. So, the tournament is appointed and the rules are established. Argalia let everybody know that they are to follow rules in order to take part in the combat with him, and everybody accepted that rules: â€Å"However, there is one condition; whoever wants to try must listen! Once beaten from his saddle, none may fight again for any reason. He must submit and go to prison. Yet one who can unhorse Uberto will win, as his reward, my person. My brother will recall his giants† (Canto I, ottavo 28, lines 1 8). However, at the very beginning of the trial many participants forgot about all the regulations and decided to play against them, regardless of the fact that they had given their words of honour. What incited them to do that? The answer is simple – burning, blind and all-absorbing passion. The author widely uses metaphors and personifications in his poem. Such poetic method provides readers with realistic image of the facts which were depicted by Boiardo. In addition to metaphors, colourful epithets are frequently used by author in the poem. Use of numerous epithets gives readers the impression that they see events and characters by Boiardo’s eyes. Matteo Maria Boiardo praises love which is the main theme of his poem. He shows us that the strong and frank feeling has an ability to work wonders. Nevertheless, the author lifts the veil from another side of the wonderful feeling. Canto I is some kind of an introduction to the poem â€Å"Orlando in love†, it is its beginning. Here the readers become acquainted with characters and the area where events take place; an entanglement of the plot occurs here. And this is where the author shows his readers a blind and unseasoned feeling. Here we can most probably see not a love yet, but ardent and burning passion instead. From the one hand it is wonderful; it inspires to do heroic deeds, arouses courage even in cowards; and from the other hand it makes people blind, makes them to forget about everything – about their dignity, principles, convictions, given words and vows. Such metamorphoses are well shown in Canto I. Bad influence of the passion can be seen at the episode wi th Malagise, who disclosed the intensions of Angelica’s father, King Galafrone. He decided to punish Angelica: †¦ Then Malagise said, â€Å"You rabble, I’ll capture you without a battle! Your clubs and chains will be no use, nor will your darts and twisted swords. I’ll punish you when you’re asleep. You will be killed like gelded sheep† (Canto I, ottavo 43, lines 7 8, ottavo 44, lines 1 4). As we can see, he wanted to kill the lady, but when Malagise stooped close to her and saw her beauty he changed his mind: †¦he neared the woman stealthily and drew forth his sword to slit her throat, but when he saw her close- so pretty!- he delayed. His spirit weltered back and forth. At last, he said, â€Å"Here’s what will happen: I’ll make her sleep by magic, then I’ll have her. I’ll indulge my passion† (Canto I, ottavo 45, lines 1 8). So, in that episode we can see the side of passion which cannot be called tender and loving on any account. The Carolingian epic was actually turned on its head by Boiardo who created his own updated version of the Orlando/ Roland story. Orlando Innamorato is some kind of an unauthorized biography which showes how the pure paladin had left Charlemagnes court to pursue a marvellous princess from Cathay across whole Eurasia. The author rewrote classical texts of, for instance, Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Homer’s Odyssey, and readers can find such rewrittings at the text. Boiardo’s Orlando Innamorato has preserveded its freshness and popularity for 500 years in popular culture of Italy. In Sicilys puppet theaters Italians and tourists travelling to that country today can up to now come across Rinaldo and Orlando fighting over the marvellous princess Angelica. The characters depicted by Boiardo and later developed in Orlando Furioso, Ariosto’s continuation, have reappeared in melodrama, opera, folk operas, and also in recitations by singers and story-tellers. The first full-length theatrical alteration of Orlando Innamorato has only recently been presented to a contemporary audience. Materials from the chivalrous tradition, expressing the Carolingian epic of Charlemagne and his knights, and the Arthurian romances of Lancelot, King Arthur and even Tristan were taken by Boiardo for writing his epic poem. The author also used incorporated stories and classical tradition from Homer. Most of Homer’s themes were taken by Boiardo from the Odyssey and Iliad, which wasn’t in such an extent romance-oriented as the first one. Some episodes were rewritten from the epic model excellence in the Italian Renaissance, Virgils Aeneid, and also from Ovid, as The Metamorphosis was a manual of mythological stories. The readers interpreted these stories allegorically. They are use by Matteo Maria Boiardo to create a play with firm allegorical tradition. The lyrics of Petrarch and the novella tradition of Boccaccio also were among sources from which Boiardo borrowed some elements for his poem. He practiced creative imitation and reworking of earlier texts in order to provide his own text with richer meaning. It’s rather interesting for modern reader to try to recognize the source and read both versions in comparison. Boiardo’s Orlando Innamorato brought certain ammount of novelty in epic romances. It frankly describes human’s intimate feelings such as the desire for revenge or glory, erotic desire, sympathy and ambition. The author makes subtle analisis of these feelings, he offers the readers to perceive this world without any borders. The poem is alive owing to the fact that Boiardo allows readers to make their conclusions and observations without obtruding his own ones.

The Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem

The Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem In the mid-11th century, a Benedictine abbey was established in Jerusalem by merchants from Amalfi. About 30 years later, a hospital was founded next to the abbey to care for sick and poor pilgrims. After the success of the First Crusade  in 1099, Brother Gerard (or Gerald), the hospitals superior, expanded the hospital and set up additional hospitals along the route to the Holy Land. On February 15, 1113, the order was formally named the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem and recognized in a papal bull issued by Pope Paschal II. The Knights  Hospitaller were also known as Hospitalers, the Order of Malta, the Knights of Malta. From 1113 to 1309 they were known as the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem; from 1309 to 1522 they went by the Order of the Knights of Rhodes; from 1530 to 1798 they were the Sovereign and Military Order of the Knights of Malta; from 1834 to 1961 they were the Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem; and from 1961 to the present they are formally known as the Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta. Hospitaller Knights In 1120, Raymond de Puy (a.k.a. Raymond of Provence) succeeded Gerard as leader of the order. He replaced the Benedictine Rule with the Augustinian Rule and actively began to build up the orders power base, helping the organization to acquire lands and wealth. Possibly inspired by the Templars, the Hospitallers began to take up arms in order to protect pilgrims as well as tend their illnesses and injuries. Hospitaller Knights were still monks and continued to follow their vows of personal poverty, obedience, and celibacy. The order also included chaplains and brothers who did not take up arms. Relocations of the Hospitallers The shifting fortunes of the western Crusaders would also affect the Hospitallers. In 1187, when Saladin captured Jerusalem, the Hospitaller Knights moved their headquarters to Margat, then to Acre ten years later. With the fall of Acre in 1291 they moved to Limassol in Cyprus. The Knights of Rhodes In 1309 the Hospitallers acquired the island of Rhodes. The grand master of the order, who was elected for life (if confirmed by the pope), ruled Rhodes as an independent state, minting coins and exercising other rights of sovereignty. When the Knights of the Temple were dispersed, some surviving Templars joined the ranks at Rhodes. The knights were now more warrior than hospitaller, though they remained a monastic brotherhood. Their activities included naval warfare; they armed ships and set off after Muslim pirates, and took revenge on Turkish merchants with piracy of their own. The Knights of Malta In 1522 the Hospitaller control of Rhodes came to an end with a six-month siege by Turkish leader Suleyman the Magnificent. The Knights capitulated on January 1, 1523, and left the island with those citizens who chose to accompany them. The Hospitallers were without a base until 1530, when Holy Roman emperor Charles V arranged for them to occupy the Maltese archipelago. Their presence was conditional; the most notable agreement was the presentation of a falcon to the emperors viceroy of Sicily every year. In 1565, grand master Jean Parisot de la Valette exhibited superb leadership when he stopped Suleyman the Magnificent from dislodging the Knights from their Maltese headquarters. Six years later, in 1571, a combined fleet of the Knights of Malta and several European powers virtually destroyed the Turkish navy at the Battle of Lepanto. The Knights built a new capital of Malta in honor of la Valette, which they named Valetta, where they constructed grand defenses and a hospital that attracted patients from far beyond Malta. The Last Relocation of the Knights Hospitaller The Hospitallers had returned to their original purpose. Over the centuries they gradually gave up warfare in favor of medical care and territorial administration. Then, in 1798, they lost Malta  when Napoleon  occupied the island on the way to Egypt. For a short time they returned under the auspices of the Treaty of Amiens (1802), but when the 1814 Treaty of Paris gave the archipelago to Britain, the Hospitallers left once more. They at last settled permanently in Rome in 1834. Membership of the Knights Hospitaller Although nobility was not required to join the monastic order, it was required to be a Hospitaller Knight. As time went on this requirement grew more strict, from proving nobility of both parents to that of all grandparents for four generations. A variety of knightly classifications evolved to accommodate lesser knights and those who gave up their vows to marry, yet remained affiliated with the order. Today, only Roman Catholics may become Hospitallers, and the governing knights must prove the nobility of their four grandparents for two centuries. The Hospitallers Today After 1805 the order was led by lieutenants until the office of Grand Master was restored by Pope Leo XIII in 1879. In 1961 a new constitution was adopted in which the orders religious and the sovereign status was precisely defined. Although the order no longer governs any territory, it does issue passports, and it is recognized as a sovereign nation by the Vatican and some Catholic European nations.

Accounting theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Accounting theory - Essay Example The money is the only and ultimate source of exchange in the world, and therefore, the companies have to acquire human and other resources by paying the suppliers money. The theory of Resource Dependence argues that organizations cannot survive without receiving social support from the relevant societies. However, the companies need to create success in order to gift their investors with the construct of trust that forms a cornerstone of any kind of human relation one can think of. The organizations have to serve the needs and wants of the investors and shareholders as well. The financial recordkeeping is far reaching in terms of sustaining a relationship with the stakeholders. The accounting systems might have the flaws, but despite that, one cannot possibly give up on them because they form an integral part of the business. The field of accounting is filled with corruption and dishonesty, but it does not mean that the system is wrongful in nature. However, those who are running it might be doing corruption (Cecchetti, 2006). In this way, the accountant becomes corrupt and dishonest with his or her profession. The field of accounting has become a flashpoint of corruption in recent years because of unveiling fraudulent activities in the departments of the leading companies. The conceptual framework behind the art and science of accounting has a design to pass entries in order to depict the exact situation of the business. The experts use the term creative accounting in order to refer to the practices that accountants apply to manipulate the stakeholders. The accountants create attractive level of working capital so that the financial outlook of their companies can appear attractive in the eyes of the stakeholders. The issues in the field began to intensify after the application of Generally Acceptable Accounting Practices (GAAP). The accountants apply the